How to Structure Your Weight Lifting Routine

Nobody wants to walk into a gym to lift weights knowing nothing about weight training.  First of all, it is obvious, and who wants to look as clueless as they feel?  But you are not clueless if you have read my “perfect workout” series. You know to immediately roll and loosen up your joints, to then move into some corrective work, then to do movement preparation drills.  Now you are ready to lift…

Let’s start with my basic “Rules of Lifting”

First, begin by working the biggest muscles first, then moving to smaller ones.  If you are going to include your legs into your lifting that day, start with squats or deadlifts.  If you are giving your legs a day off, start with back exercises.

Second, focus on complex moves.  Complexity is in…isolation is out.  A “complex” lift is one that uses several muscle groups, and as a consequence, movement occurs at multiple joints.  A squat is a perfect example of a complex lift. In the squat, you not only use the gluteals and hamstrings to extend the hips, but you also use the quadriceps, hip flexor group, and the stabilizing muscles of the entire core.  Compare this to the knee extensor machine, a classic isolation movement occurring at a single joint. In this move, you sit on a chair, hook your ankles under a pad, and extend your lower legs.  This is an isolation move occurring across the knee..not only that, but it is an isolation move that you almost never do in real life.  Below is a sampling of both types of lifts.  An isolation move or two won’t hurt, but focusing on the complex moves is better overall approach.  Additionally, if you are going to do both types of lifts, do the complex moves first. The biceps curl can wait till the end (for all of you mirror gazers…).

Complex lifts (multiple joints move): Squat, Deadlift, Lunges, Bench press, standing military (overhead) press, Horizontal rowing, pull ups

Isolation lifts (single joint movement): biceps curls, adductor/abductor machines, triceps extension, leg extension, seated hamstring curl

Third, learn perfect technique.  If you do this first and foremost, and you focus continually on technique (even when you fatigue) you will not get injured.  On the other hand, if you are sloppy, it is very possible that you will hurt yourself as you lift heavier loads.  This cannot be over-emphasized.  We are not talking rocket science, though.  I learned by reading books and watching others.  These days, not only can you read, but YouTube makes it easy to learn the basics. Just make sure you are watching a trained professional, not an actor/actress from a reality TV show (you know who I’m talking about).

Begin lifting light.  For the first few weeks, you get stronger NOT by lifting heavy, but simply by training your nervous system how to do the moves.  Once you have good form and the movement patterns are grooved into your brain, it’s time to get serious.  Begin light for a warm up set or two, and then work hard! You will not “bulk up.”  The last repetition of your work sets should be difficult.  If the final repetition is easy, or even moderately easy…go heavier!

Take a day or two off between lifting for the same muscle group.  You have made teeny little tears in the muscle fibers by asking them to lift heavy weights.  But don’t panic…this is good.  If you feed your muscles and rest them appropriately—they heal and come back even stronger.  This is the whole point of weight lifting.  It is called Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demand (SAID principle for you exercise physiology nerds).  Your body adapts to what you ask it to do.  If you want it to get stronger, you must ask it to lift heavier objects than it is used to lifting.  It then adapts, and, poof, you are stronger.

Now that the basics are covered, how about the more specific questions of what moves, how many exercises to do, how many reps and sets to do, with what frequency should I lift, and how hard should it feel.  How will I know if I am doing too much?  Too little?

A beginner should try to work every muscle group at least twice a week.  Once a week…not good enough unless you are just trying to maintain the muscle mass you already have (and even then, twice/week is better).  Three times a week is even better, but only by a little bit, so if you are really working hard to fit it in, at least get in two workouts per week.  What are the muscle groups to target?

Legs: Both front (quadriceps) and back (hamstrings) of the thighs.  Think lunges, squats, stability ball hamstring curls, step-ups, and more lunges

Hips: Extensors (that would be the butt, Bob), and flexors (these are usually very tight and mostly need to be stretched).  Think squats, more squats, deadlifts,  kettlebell swings, lunges again

Back: Huge muscle groups!  Latissimus dorsi is the big one (lat pull downs, pull ups, rowing movements), anything where you pull something toward the center of your body either horizontally or vertically

Chest: Pectorals and anterior shoulder:  Think push ups, bench press (flat, inclined), dumbbell flies

Shoulders: Three heads to your deltoid muscles, so they like to be worked at different angles.  Exercises here include vertical pressing moves like the military press, with bar or dumbbells,  lateral raises (bend over an inclined bench for a different angle), dumbbell forward raise, and my favorite, kettlebell clean and press.

Abdominals:  Plank holds (front and side), bicycle, stability ball curls, regular curls, dumbbell or kettlebell renegade row (killer), Russian twist

Arms: both front (biceps): rows, pull ups, biceps curls, and back (triceps): triceps press or kickback, pushups, horizontal and vertical pressing moves

Is your head spinning?  Like I said, it is NOT COMPLICATED!  Pick one move from each group (some exercises overlap groups because they are complex, and therefore work across multiple joints).  Study the precise form from books, YouTube, friends who know, or a trainer before you try each exercise. Start light.  Warm up first.  Then gradually add weight until the last repetition is fairly difficult.  In the beginning, strive for two sets of 10-15 repetitions of each exercise.  In exercises where you hold for time, aim to increase your time by 5 seconds each time you do the move.

KEEP TRACK OF YOUR PROGRESS.  I know it looks silly.  But if you don’t know what you did the last time, how can you progress?  You have to challenge yourself by doing a tiny bit more or holding for a few seconds longer than the last time.  I carry a workout log around with me.  I look to see what I did on that exercise the last time I did it.  Then I will either increase the weight, or the number of reps, or decrease the rest between sets.  Only a tiny bit.  It’s all about baby steps and consistency.

Step Five of the Perfect Workout: Strength Training

I almost forgot I had a few steps to go in describing my perfect workout.

Here is why (David Letterman style) I think strength training needs to be a key component in your workout–especially if you have CF:

10) You can seriously increase your appetite, especially if you are doing a heavy lifting program.  Lifting heavy and the consequent eating like a horse is how I gained six pounds in six weeks.  Doesn’t sound like much, I know, but it’s about 6% of my body-weight (you do the math).  The only time I’ve ever been able to gain that much weight was the first year of college.  Man did I love that all-you-can-eat cafeteria.

9) It’s great to beat your son at arm-wrestling.  OK, so he’s only 12.

Maintaining bone density is pretty important, unless you want to crumble into a heap of skin and bones in your old age.  Yes, I did say ‘old age.’  It will happen.

7) In CFTR-able people (code name for those without CF), lifting weights increases insulin sensitivity.  There is no reason to think this won’t be true in CF as well.  If you CFRD or are on the verge, or, if you don’t want to develop CFRD, a little weight training can absolutely not hurt!

6) You get to buy new clothes when you ‘outgrow’ your old shirts, pants, etc.  Ladies, don’t worry–I’m kidding.

5) Who wants to be soft?  Weight training will firm up those abs and legs and arms in very little time.  Try it.  You will be amazed.  In addition, who wants to be skinny and wimpy?  This will not be the case if you adhere to a regular lifting schedule.

4) Being stronger will make the regular chores of life easier.  Easier means requiring less energy.  Requiring less energy means requiring less oxygen.  Less oxygen required means even if you have sucky lungs–that’s a technical term–you will still be able to carry on, soldier.

3) Coughing is easier and more effective if you have strong abdominal muscles.  This is just true.  Given that we cough, and the effectiveness of our coughs is directly proportional to our health…strong abs are very important.

2) Let’s face it, body image can be impaired in CF.  It’s not hard to imagine why this is true, but this is a very important issue, especially in kids. One very good way to improve body image is to develop muscle.  Development of muscle is not impaired in CF (as long as you eat and digest food).  We can ALL do it.  And when you do develop muscle that is visible to the naked eye…you feel better about the way you look.  Even if you cough.  Even if your fingernails look funny.

1)  I left this for last because it is my favorite reason to lift.  You are in control when you lift.  Not CF.  CF doesn’t affect your strength.  CF doesn’t stop you from developing strong muscles.  There is absolutely no difference between you and normal Joe GymRat, when it comes to getting strong.  Booyah.

These are good reasons to add resistance training to your workout.  The next post will discuss how to design your program.

 

Step Four of Perfect Workout: Movement Preparation

It’s kinda crazy that it took four steps to get to “movement preparation,” but this is just what active stretching is called.

Remember back in the days when you would hold static stretches before you exercised?  I still see people doing this…going straight from the locker room to the stretching mat and doing seated forward bends and holding calf and quad stretches before going to the elliptical machine or treadmill. We know better now.  First, it’s not good to stretch cold muscles.  If you must do static stretches, it’s much better to do five minutes of jumping rope or fast walking first, as the increased blood flow to the muscles helps to warm them up and may increase their elasticity.  It also turns out that stretching a muscle statically (holding the stretch for 20-30 seconds) may actually decrease its ability to perform strength and power moves.  So if you are intending to lift weights, it will benefit you  to find better ways to stretch prior to your workout, and do the static stretches at the end.

A better way to stretch cold muscles and get them ready to work is to stretch them actively.  This simply means to stretch your muscles while they are in the act of moving.  This is a dynamic process. Nothing is held for time.  You simply wake your muscles up by asking them to move into stretched positions.  A great example of this is the “inchworm,” one of my favorites.  Here is a great example of this.  Notice that the hamstrings and calves get a great stretch as they are working.

Another great exercise for the upper body targets the front of the shoulders and the upper back.  This is much harder than it looks, especially when you keep your butt, upper back, head, forearms, and wrists touching the wall the entire time.  Check it out here:

Walking lunges are a great way to warm up for running or lower body weight lifting.  To increase the stretch in the hip flexors, add a twist in the direction of the forward lunging leg.  Check this out here:

These are some of my favorite movement preparation exercises.  I will also do a few sets (if I am lifting weights) or a few minutes (if I am doing cardio) at a much lighter intensity level than what I do normally as more movement prep.  After all, the best way to prepare to do something is to do it…with a very light load.  This tells both your muscles and your brain to get ready for what is to come.

How to Raise Your PFT’s

I knew that would get your attention!

Let me start by saying that by some grace of God or Universe or Source or whatever you want to call it, despite being a DD508, I have decent PFT’s at age 51.  I know that part of that is because I am now and always have been (since age 13 anyway) a total exercise fanatic-bordering-on-nerd.  There is rarely a day where I don’t do something…even if it is only a walk with my dog…as long as I am not on IV’s.  In fact, even when I am on IV’s, I have been caught jogging or at least doing leg weights.  My motto has always been, If You Can Breathe, You Can Exercise, which by the way, was the tagline of a CF Exercise Program I helped design and run at Stanford Medical Center.

But today in clinic, my FEV1 was down 15 percentage points from the last visit.  Bummer.  I’m not sick, but this is not my Cayston month, and it shows.  In addition, I’ve been on a major weight gain kick, which has involved eating a ton and lifting very heavy weights.  Almost all of my exercise time, except for dog walking, has been spent in the gym, not on machines, but doing deadlifts, bench presses, kettlebell squats and presses, etc.  I leave exhausted and feeling great.  Indeed, I have gained 6 lbs in two months.  But I could tell yesterday while playing tennis with my son that my aerobic conditioning was off.  I was sucking air and dreading today’s pulmonary function testing.

Isn’t it ironic that I actually started to write this article before the clinic visit?  Subconsciously, I must have known that I was going to have to revisit this issue, as I have done so many times in the past.  That’s just the reality of CF, as I’m sure you all know.  For me, return to the land of living (and breathing) after an exacerbation always begins first with a heavy sigh, and then a muttering of something along the lines of, “Ok, Julie, here we go again.  Back to Day One of getting back into shape.”  So far (fingers crossed), I’ve always been successful.  This article is a chance to remind myself (and you) how I’ve done it.

But before that, I know there is more to the fact that I exercise that has lead to my luck with the disease.  Exercise is absolutely necessary! Don’t get me wrong.  But it is not sufficient.  Although most of this article will deal with the types of exercise that I think are the most important, there are two more areas of self-care that cannot ever be overlooked if you want your lung function to improve:

1) Be absolutely unrelenting when it comes to treatments, including aerosols (antibiotics, mucolytics, and hypertonic saline) and airway clearance techniques (for me, the Vest).  How many times a day?  As many as it takes!  For me lately, it has been two.  After my experience today, that number is going to increase to three for as long as it takes to get those numbers back up.

2) Keep your weight up, no matter what it takes.  This has been my Achilles heel, but it is very clear to me that I am healthiest when I am heaviest.  I’m not talking Biggest Loser heavy here, obviously.  Overweight is as bad as underweight, just in different ways.  But then, I don’t know too many people with CF who are overweight.

Now on to the NUMBER ONE WAY TO RAISE YOUR PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS:  EXERCISE

I used to think you couldn’t really increase your baseline PFT’s.  As a pathologist, it made complete sense to me that once your lung was scarred from chronic infection, there wasn’t much you could do.  In medical school, we learned that in CF, PFT’s just go down, and the goal is simply decrease the rate at which they go down.

You know what else we learned?  We were told that the brain could not make new neurons; that after losing neurons to stroke or injury, the patient was destined for life to be disabled.  This is completely false, as the evidence over the last two decades has shown that the brain is “plastic” and forms new cells and new connections throughout life.  Now I don’t really think scar tissue is turning into lung tissue, but something vitally important is happening in the lung tissue that remains with exercise.  We don’t know exactly how, but it gets better at what it is supposed to do.

My epiphany about exercise and PFT’s came after a round of P90X, and has been confirmed by many people I know who have raised their PFT’s with exercise.  I’ve written about my P90X experience elsewhere on my blog, so I won’t go into detail here, but after one round of this 90 day program of intense exercise, the volume of air I blew out in one second (FEV1) increased by 39% since the previous, and the small airway number (the FEF25-75%) improved by 70%! As I said in the blog, I didn’t believe it at first, so I went home and compared the actual volumes of air blown with previous tests.  At age 47, I was suddenly blowing what I blew in my 20’s.  Weird…and definitely not what I learned in medical school.

Since then, I have seen similar results after hard-core training with kettlebells, in combination with starting Cayston.  Yes, Cayston is a miracle drug, and I’m sure I would have improved immensely with it alone.  But you can’t convince me that my VO2 max training with kettlebells didn’t provide a major assist.

THE BIG FIVE

Aerobic Base

Even though this can be somewhat boring, it is important to establish a good aerobic base before moving on to more challenging interval and plyometric training.  This simply means that you are able to maintain an aerobic exercise (walking, jogging, cycling, swimming, etc) continuously at a moderate exertion level of 6-7/10 (where 10 is how you would feel if you were sprinting as hard as you can, and 1 is how you feel sitting on your couch) for 20 minutes.  As I’ve said before, it doesn’t matter what it looks like to be at this exertion level (a 6 for me would involve doing what would feel like a 2 to my son).  What is important is getting to that feeling of a 6-7.

Training for this base simply means starting where you are, whether that is walking around the block or cycling for a mile, and gradually building distance or time at a moderate exertion level.

Interval Training

Once you’ve reached the point where you can exercise continuously at a moderate pace for 20 minutes, you can add some excitement to your training.  Interval training is very simple.  You simply increase the intensity of whatever exercise you are doing for a given amount of time (i.e. 30 seconds), followed by a much slower recovery period for as long as you need it, and repeat this cycle several times.  When I am starting to jog again after a break (for IV’s or while dabbling in another form of exercise), I will begin with a jogging interval (very short at first) followed by a walking interval (until I can breathe relatively normally again) and repeat this five or six times.  In the beginning, my work:rest ratio will be at least 1:2 (for example one minute jogging followed by two minutes of walking).  Over time, I will increase the time of work and slowly decrease the time of walking.  This takes a lot of time (and patience), but it works every time.

Plyometric Exercises

If you haven’t checked out P90X, allow me to provide a short description.  It’s home based program where you watch and follow along as best as you can to a DVD showing unbelievably fit people exercising their a*^&’es off.   Three of the days per week, you do a DVD of circuit weight training, using weights or bands and bodyweight only exercises.  These are tough, but there are rest breaks (thank God) and each of the three “weight days” you work different muscle groups, so you have time to get over being sore before you do the same DVD again.

Another day is devoted to a Kenpo karate workout (my favorite), and another to a 90-minute yoga practice.

None of these are easy, but the real killer day (and the one that I think popped open my airways the most) is the dreaded “plyometrics” day.  Plyometrics is simply jump training.  So, you jump around…a lot…without much of a break…for a solid 45 minutes or so after the warm up.  This, of course, causes big time airway clearance.  It’s a bit like riding a racehorse while wearing the Vest, and being the racehorse at the same time.  Never once could I do this without stopping before the maniacs on the screen did.  But I know that this day was the one that did the trick for my lungs.

Are there less masochistic ways to do plyometrics?  Of course.  Jumping rope or jumping on a trampoline (mini or full size) is a start.  Of course, if you have arthritis or another contraindication to jumping, don’t do it.  But if you can, pick just one day a week, and do some jumping!

Weight Training

I don’t really know if weight training can improve lung function.  My guess is that it won’t. Apparently, my experiment of the last two months doing predominately weight training confirms this.

But I still include weight training as a valuable tool to increase lung function because, in my opinion, the results it brings provide important positive reinforcement and motivation to keep exercising!  Think about it, you don’t see the end result of your aerobic work, when it is by far the hardest to do.  You may see it on your next PFT blow, but those are few and far between.

On the other hand, weight training provides visible results (in addition to simply getting stronger).  You also can train just like anyone else, as the anaerobic exercise of lifting is not limited by oxygen supply.  You are in control here…not cystic fibrosis. This is rewarding, motivating, and, for me at least, makes me feel somewhat normal.

Posture Work

I’ve written quite a bit about this before, but in brief, if you are slumped forward at the shoulders and have a rounded back (a position many with CF assume after years of coughing), you are not able to use all of the available lung tissue.  Simply put, increasing the flexibility of your thoracic spine has the potential to improve lung function.  Read here how to do this.

That’s it!  That’s all you have to do to know that you are doing everything you can to increase your pulmonary function:  1) treatments religiously, 2) maintain a good weight, 3) achieve a good aerobic baseline and then start with some interval training, 4) throw in some weekly plyometric training to shake it up and out of you (gross), 5) work to increase strength and watch your body morph before your very eyes, and finally, 6) work on good posture.

Easy peezy, right?

 

Step Three of Perfect Workout: Corrective Exercises

Now that you have rolled for five minutes (see here), and done ten minutes of mobility work (see here), you are well into your workout and have yet to do any “exercises!”  It’s time to start working your muscles.  Corrective exercises are best done now, while you’re fresh and sufficiently loosened up.

Corrective exercises are meant to do exactly what you would guess, namely to “correct” any structural imbalances which lead to vulnerable muscle groups. These types of exercises have also been termed “prehab,” with the idea that if you do them, you avoid injury, pain, and the need for “rehab.”  Why would imbalance lead to injury?  I’m glad you asked.

As I mentioned in the previous post, we all (and by “we” I mean those of us with CF) tend to develop a somewhat kyphotic (hunched forward) upper back, and usually the end result of this is an overarched, or “lordotic,” lower spine.  This lordosis combined with  hours and hours of sitting lead to tight hip flexors (the muscles that work to hinge your hips forward—think bringing your thighs to your belly-button).  Tight hip flexors tend to go along with weak gluteal muscles. This stick figure here shows the problem.  Tight low back and hip flexor muscles along with weak abdominals and gluteals.   The picture of imbalance.  This is a set up for low back pain.

These are the areas that I focus on in my “prehab” work.  I do exercises to strengthen my gluteals and abdominal muscles, and work to stretch and strengthen my hip flexor group and low back extensors.  In the YouTube video below, I go through a few of my favorite “glute” activators, and some good abdominal exercises using a stability ball.  Try these, and let me know what you think.

In the next post, I’ll talk about some corrective exercises for that pesky hunchback.

 

 

 

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